Analysis Of Night In Night By Elie Wiesel - 813 Words

The Holocaust was a horrible event, one most people hate to think of much less speak of. This event however is the base of young Elie Wiesel’s life and story. The memoir Night by Elie Wiesel is all about his personal journey and place in the telling of the Holocaust. In the book he is sent to Auschwitz as a lamb is sent to the slaughter. He reiterates his transformation during this time, a transformation where he diverts from his Jewish roots and loses his faith in a merciful and Almighty God. In the beginning of Elie’s time in Auschwitz, he is a faithful young Jew who not only knows his religion well but wishes to learn even more. As said in Night, â€Å"One day I asked my father to find me a master who could guide me in my studies of†¦show more content†¦I stood petrified. What had happened to me? My father had just been struck, in front of me, and I had not even blinked. I had watched and kept silent. Only yesterday I would have dug my nails into this crimi nal’s flesh (Wiesel 39). Elie says he not only would have helped his father after he was slapped but that he would have â€Å"dug his nails into this criminal’s flesh.† Showing that his father’s relationship was strong and they would have fought for each other before Auschwitz. But now, Elie is frozen in survival mode, cluing into the attitude of Auschwitz’ instilling philosophy of every man for himself. Lastly, in the end of the book Elie’s faith and, sadly, his relationship with his father had both deteriorated. In Night a hospital mate of Elie’s said, â€Å"‘I have more faith in Hitler than in anyone else. He alone has kept his promises, all his promises, to the Jewish people’† (Wiesel 81). This quote, while not Elie’s words, is very certain, fear ridden, and powerful. My take from this quote is where Elie, in the memoir at least, does not respond to his hospital mate. This tells me that deep down Elie agrees and he knows that he agrees with the man. Also towards the end of the memoir Elie’s father dies. This quote shows the crumbling relationship between father and son, â€Å"I did not weep, and it pained me that I could not weep. But I was out of tears. And deep inside me, if I could haveShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Night By Elie Wiesel1089 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Night Black Three Sabrena Hall November 17, 2015 â€Å"To surpass monsters, you must be willing to abandon your humanity.† -Hajime Isayama, Shingeki no Kyojin Night by Elie â€Å"Eliezer† Wiesel is a story that contains many conclusions about humanity as a whole, including the idea that if humans are treated as if they aren t human, and are deprived from proper human interaction, then they are quick to act uncivilized, almost feral. It s unsettling how quickly people can switch to a primalRead MoreAnalysis Of Night In Night By Elie Wiesel1183 Words   |  5 PagesIn Night, Elie Wiesel shines light upon that when times are rough, it is easy to be selfish. This was clearly captured when young fourteen-year-old Elie Wiesel was watching as the Nazi’s take away his valuables, friends, faith, and family. As if every piece of him was broken glass, he had to pick himself up along the way. It all started in 1944, in the suburb of Sighet, Romania. It was a marvelously bright day, a beautiful day. But today, the Nazis had forced Wiesel, the rest of his family, andRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis817 Words   |  4 Pages The nov el, Night told by Elie Wiesel, is an autobiography written about him and his family being seized out of their home in 1944 to the concentration camps of Auschwitz and Buchenwald. Night is the alarming record of Eli Wiesel’s recollections of the passing of his family, and his despair as a profoundly perceptive Jew going up against irrefutably the abhorrence of man. In the beginning of the novel, Elie described his father as a straightforward sort of man. As in the novel Elie stated, â€Å"My fatherRead MoreAnalysis Of Night By Elie Wiesel707 Words   |  3 PagesThe book â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel is an emotional read. He tells his story in hopes to influence the world to not act so hateful to one another. He wants to bring awareness to his readers. The way Wiesel interprets his memoire is powerful. Elie goes into great detail about the events that took place in the concentration camp. He describes the way they were treated and their struggle to survive. He explains his story with good attribute to the Germans. The memoire is so effective because these eventsRead MoreAnalysis Of Night By Elie Wiesel1198 Words   |  5 PagesIn the memoir Night, written by Elie Weisel, you take a journey through the 1940s, and learn what it was like to live during the Holocaust. Night records the life of Elie Wiesel during his teen years, and the oppression he and his family went through because of their Jewish descent. The Holocaust was a horrifying genocide where Adolf Hitler and the Nazis strived to wipe out the Jewish race, as well as Poles, Slavs, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Homosexuals, Gypsies, etc. Jews were taken from their homesRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis764 Words   |  4 PagesYes, I did see this, with my own eyes†¦ children thrown into the flames.† (Wiesel 32). The previous sentence is a quote from Elie Wiesel’s memoir, Night. Wiesel’s memoir is a first person account of a survivor of the Holocaust that occurred between 1933-1945. Over six million Jews were placed in concentration camps and murdered during this time period. Less than one percent of the Jews in the holocaust survived, but Elie Wiesel was one of the very few survivors. He lived on to tell his story of theRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis716 Words   |  3 Pagescontrary, some individuals lost their religion due to their unimaginable experience in the concentration camps. The me moir Night, reminisces Elie Wiesel’s journey. Forced to go to concentration camps, Elie adapted to a hardworking man to prevent selection. From studying Talmud to looking at the mirror, Elie describes the story in great detail. In the memoir Night, the author Elie Wiesel, exhibits the struggle of maintaining religion through the use of internal conflict. The memoir owns several accountsRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis903 Words   |  4 Pages Eliezer â€Å"Elie† Wiesel, a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate and Holocaust survivor, acknowledged that â€Å"There is so much injustice and suffering crying out for our attention: victims of hunger, of racism, and political persecution, writers and poets, prisoners in so many lands governed by the left and by the right. Human rights are being violated on every continent. More people are oppressed than free.† When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, they believed thatRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis787 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"To forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time.†, said Elie Wiesel the author of night. Elie Wiesel is a holocaust survivor, he went through 5 different concentration camps. He was dehumanized, malnourished, and abused. He lost all his possessions, his family, and his humanity. In Elie Wiesel’s â€Å"Night†, the German Army dehumanizes Elie Wiesel and the jewish prisoners by depriving them of family, food, and self esteem. The Nazis’s dehumanized the jews by depriving them of basic humanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Night By Elie Wiesel1385 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermination in people’s lives. Determination is a trait that each individual possesses. However, the degree of this characteristic varies for each individual and depends on the person’s capabilities and willingness to attain a goal. In the Night, author Elie Wiesel provide the readers with an insight of how determination became the guidance for the Jewish people who suffered dreadful torture and endured a horrid lifestyle under the Nazi’s fascist and anti-semitic regime. Furthermore, due to continuous

Personal Writing Personal Narrative - 2064 Words

â€Å"‘Oww!,’ I said as I fell off my bike.† These are the first words of a personal essay that I wrote in the second grade about learning how to ride a bicycle. I remember them so clearly because my teacher boasted to the class about my use of such an eye-catching introductory remark, so it seems appropriate to use those words here as well. Not only do these words mark the beginning of a growing girl’s literary journey, but also the start to a timeline of establishing a tangible identity for myself that is further revealed within memories of trashy magazines, banned books, and most notably, my own writing. While my writing truly began far before the second grade, my essay about riding that bike was the first that excited me. My teacher†¦show more content†¦Of course, I was too young to understand what was happening as I read more of the trashy magazines and I just believed something was wrong with me, because I didn’t look like any of them. Any positive body image that I once had was reduced to nothing and many years after not picking up one of those magazines, I continued to struggle with the self-deprecation. Eventually I found ways to understand how I was feeling, mostly thanks to the blogging website, â€Å"Tumblr,† which I created an account on solely for leisure purposes. I never thought that I would open a door to a plethora of writing done by empowering women with similar experiences. The website is a network of blogs that â€Å"reblog,† or repost other blog’s posts onto their blog, so it would be impossible to cite who’s posts I had seen when I was 12, however I do remember much of the general ideas that were spread across the website. I distinctly recall phrases such as â€Å"fight the patriarchy† and â€Å"free the nipple,† with explanations as to how women’s bodies are shamed by men and mass media and how I could understand the shame I felt for myself. Throu gh these ideas I began to see how I could channel the negative perfectionism that I had for my body into a desire to change the system that holds so many women as hostages. Even now, as the works on the websites evolve toShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative Personal Writing1652 Words   |  7 PagesFor as long as I can remember, my dad has always corrected my grammar and manners. As a lawyer, he writes and reviews thousands of legal documents, which has sharpened his writing skills tremendously. With these skills comes a grammar geek who loves correcting people. Looking back at all the times my dad has reminded me of a certain rule, a particular occasion always comes to mind. This moment took place at my kitchen counter in Illinois when I was a Freshman in High School. It was a late weekdayRead MorePersonal Writing : My Personal Narrative1331 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I was a little girl I loved to write, my father would give me silly little writing prompts and I would write short p aragraphs of made up scenarios. My father really encouraged my writing at an early age, but as I grew a little bit older I realize that I struggled with it a lot. I can remember my very first personal journal. The stuff I would write was so underdeveloped, because I was so young but I didn’t care at the time. As I grew older, I became fond of roleplaying online on websites or inRead MorePersonal Writing : My Personal Narrative1036 Words   |  5 Pagesto see how our teacher liked our stories. Mine journal would always be filled with words of praise and tiny smiley faces she had drawn in the margins. This left me feeling unstoppable. I had finally found something at school that I was good at. Writing soon became my happy place. Even at such a young age, I would write when I felt alone. I was never the most social kid. I had plenty of friends but I wasn’t as outgoing as they were. While they were climbing up the slides and jumping off the monkeyRead MoreWriting Skills : A Personal Narrative850 Words   |  4 PagesClaude Sumner Mr. Rich Writing Skills: A Personal Narrative 15 January 2016 Throughout my life, I have faced many challenges. Like being kicked out of school, being kicked out of the house, and a lot of others. But all of those things add up to one challenge to me; myself. Everything I’ve been through in my life, now that I look back on it, has all been placed there so that I can learn about myself and who I am as a person. Coming from the area that I come from, an individual might be subjectedRead MoreCreative Writing : Personal Narrative1348 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Click,† went the door handle, as Tristan picked the lock on the door. â€Å"And we’re in,† he exclaimed. â€Å"Good job soldiers. One step closer to victory,† said Director Schwartz over the earpieces given before they set off. With Tristan and Evan taking out the dictator, the Spanish Government could reclaim the rest of lost, deserted government buildings, and restore the country back to normal. â€Å"Let’s go, Evan. You have the map, right?† Tristan asked. After Evan pulled out his phone they examinedRead MorePersonal Narrative - Travel Writing Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative - Travel Writing I took a final look around my room to make sure I hadnt forgotten anything. Feeling depressed, yet eager to go home, I walked out of the room lugging my suitcase behind me, as I carefully closed the door. I entered the elevator sorrowfully. I pressed the button to go to the lobby where I would be able to check out and hand back the key. The door opened and I stepped outside, still dragging my immensely heavy suitcase! Read MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing949 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative I am at room in a very spacious hotel with beautiful ambience and a relaxed atmosphere, far away from the hustles and bustles of this world. And as i could visualize an endless wilderness and say; â€Å"it’s in middle of nowhere†, so is this locational description of this hotel. What I now know though, is that it’s at the periphery of our Narok County, deep at the Maasai Mara, Kenya. The hotel usually visited by the high and mighty of this world: Hollywood movie producers, renownedRead More Personal Narrative- Improved Writing Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages My first real writing experience happened my junior year at HHS. It was the second to last day of school of my sophomore year, and I happened to be flipping through the course descriptions book, and was thinking of an English class to take next year. Well, I sat there and sat there thumbing through the pages, and finally, one particular class appealed to me. I thought, WOW, this is a class I should take! Yeah right, but I still decided to register for American Lit.anyway. Well, the schoolRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing1716 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Narrative We all like to pretend that we have control over our lives. Being in control makes us feel powerful, like we are ready for anything. With everything that goes on in the world we never can truly be in full control of our lives, but the moments that we felt we were in control are looked back as good times in our lives. Of course, it’s the moments where we lose control that stick with us the most. The day I found out I would lose my dad for a year started a little differently thanRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing1716 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Narrative We all like to pretend that we have control over our lives. Being in control makes us feel powerful, like we are ready for anything. With everything that goes on in the world we never can truly be in full control of our lives, but the moments that we felt we were in control are looked back as good times in our lives. Of course, it’s the moments where we lose control that stick with us the most. The day I found out I would lose my dad for a year started a little differently

Concept of Perceived Value

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Perceived Value. Answer:. Introduction The concept of perceived value is an important term in the context of marketing and consumer behavior. The success of brands completely depends on how the customers and users of the product perceive the value and worth of the products and services, a company is delivering. The perceived value of a product can also be defined as the evaluation of the benefits of a product into the minds of the customers when the product has been compared with the other brands. A company has to adopt different marking concepts and strategies in order to make a good brand value of its products and services as this play an important role in defining the success and output of the particular brand (Malik, 2012). In marketing, perceived value can either be expressed in quantitative or qualitative measures and both are substantially of great importance to an organization and thus, need to be taken care of appropriately. Therefore, a company needs to understand the concept of perceived value and its importanc e in the buying behavior of its customers. Perceived Value and its significance to Consumer Behavior and Marketing The theory of perceived value actually defines the worth of a product and the willingness of its customers to pay for the products and services of a particular company and brand. It determines the intention of its customers for the purchase of goods. The perceived value from a customers perspective is actually the difference between the evaluation of the benefits of the particular product that a customer is interested in buying and the price it asks to pay and various other perceived alternatives that depends upon the needs of the particular customer (Milanovic and Bucalina, 2014). The value of each and every product is not the same for every customer, it changes and depends upon the needs and demands of an individual and its willingness and capacity for buying that product. Price is the major factor that affects the value of a product. The value is generally an expression of benefits divided by its cost (Sanchez-Fernandez and Iniesta-Bonillo, 2007). The perceptions of the consumers have a dramatic and upholding effect on consumers purchasing patterns and behaviors. That is why, brands or the companies spend a lot of their time, effort, and money on researching ways of marketing their products, market segmentation, positioning, and targeting of customers so that they can achieve a favorable result in influencing the perceptions of their customers and enhancing the value of their products and services (Dahl, 2013). Marketing mix and marketing concepts also play a significant role in influencing the purchasing pattern of their customers. Four Ps of Marketing are of utmost importance to any business and those can be explained as Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. With appropriate planning, implementation and execution of these strategies, a business can have a great impact on customers perceptions and therefore, beneficial and profitable results can be obtained. It is first and foremost the perceived value of a consumer that affe cts its purchase intention. And if the perceived value is higher, the intention of the purchase will also be higher as the both the variables are directly proportional to each other. Therefore, perceived value is highly important for a business concern when it comes to consumer behavior and marketing (Yelkur, 2000). Adidas Adidas is one of the famous brands that produce sporting goods and mainly shoes that attracts most of its customers. It focuses more on one of the marketing concepts known as product concept which describes that consumers generally prefer to buy products which are of high quality and has superior features. As it is discussed earlier that the perceived value of a product is defined by two measures i.e. qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative measures are those which affects the emotional, and physical conditions and various economic, environmental, and social factors of the customers, whereas quantitative measures are those consists of financial factors (Chi and Kilduff, 2011). Price is an important factor that affects the perception of the customers and is a determination of the high quality. Adidas uses the premium pricing policy strategy which is by far proved by its product as they provide standard quality and high performance. Price denominates the extrinsic value, whereas prod uct strategy is the primary factor that influences the customers decisions and its purchase value. Adidas uses a variety of strategies that positively affects the buying behavior and attitudes of its customers. It maintained the repo of its product by creating a brand image and value and providing expected satisfaction to the customers by meeting their needs and demands. Adidas also have taken preliminary steps to build and strengthen its relationship with customers by creating brand loyalty which affects to a great extent when it comes to perceived value. The brand incorporates the online accounts of its customers on their website and provides them additional discounts and offers while their purchase which comes under the selling concept of marketing. The brand also provides functional benefits that includes its unique product design, customized delivery, online services, and easy availability of products both in physical stores and online (Mwencha, Muathe and Thuo, 2014). The comp any also helps in providing an integrated experience of shopping to its customers and their advertising campaigns which attracts a lot of potential customers. Customers enjoy the various benefits offered by the company and also pays attention to each and every of its existing and new products as the company has maintained its trust. Adidas has a good number of potential customers that indulge and involve in the buying process apart from the fact that the prices of its product are higher than most of its competitors. Therefore, the use of effective marketing strategies, brand pricing, and meeting the satisfaction levels of customers Adidas creates a greater perceived value and has a favorable impact on buying behavior of its customers (Swait and Sweeney, 2000). Complan Complan is the brand that is well-known for providing powdered milk health drinks. The companys marketing strategies are very unique and ethical. It has been approved by doctors as a healthy source of drinking, which in itself creates a good perceived value in the minds of its consumers. The company focuses on the nutritional value of their product and therefore, convincing their customers that the product they are offering is better than the other competing products following the theory of societal marketing concept which focuses on providing and value examining the well-being of the society. The company prefers to work on the production concept which explains that the most consumers prefer to purchase those products which are widely and easily available and are inexpensive. It works on the strategies that satisfies the four values which are price value, emotional value, social value, and functional value. These four values are of significant importance that influences the purchase intention of the consumer (Djojo and Arief, 2015). The brand segments and targets its customers on the basis of the user rather than targeting on the basis of usage. It has various competitors in the market as Horlicks, boost, bournvita, etc. that provides energy drinks in different other flavors, which creates a direct competition in the market and therefore, having an impact on the perceived value of the complan users. As it is a product that competes against milk, it is very difficult to convince buyers that it is healthy and provides nutrition because it takes a great amount of effort to leave a favorable impact when the product is consumable. For some people, the product is not right from the social point of view as it competes as a substitute for milk leading to have an adverse effect on its brand image and so on to the buying behavior and purchase intention of the customers. So, the company has to work very hard on the execution of its marketing strategies to create a good impact on the consumers mind. As far as the working structure of the company and the sale of its product has been seen, it overall has a very good perceived value into the market as it comes in nice packaging, and offers a number of tasty flavors according to the demands of its consumers (Williams, 2014). It has been noted that the sales of the company have increased when compared with other brands providing the same type of products. Thus, it enjoys a good perceived value satisfying the needs of the users and has a good brand image. Conclusion From the above description an analysis, it has been very clear that in order to make a business profitable and to achieve a brand name, a company has to understand the behavior of its customers so that it can provide them with what they want to create more sales. A company has to plan and execute its marketing strategies in a way that it positively affects its customer base and the perceived value can be converted into purchases (Petkus, 2010). It has to study all the various attributes of its customers that can affect the sales and demand of its products. On the other hand, it also has to make efforts in its research and development process to make their products unique and beyond comparison to survive in the market place. Perceived value very much affects the buying behavior of the products and services and this in turn determines the growth and future of the company. Therefore, perceived value is an important factor to be considered by any business. A business firm must understand the theory of perceived value and consumer behavior and should plan its strategies, including marketing mix, brand positioning, etc. accordingly in order to become successful (Gul, 2013). References Chi, T. and Kilduff, P. (2011). Understanding consumer perceived value of casual sportswear: An empirical study.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(5), pp.422-429. Dahl, D. (2013). Social Influence and Consumer Behavior.Journal of Consumer Research, 40(2), p.iii-v. Djojo, B. and Arief, M. (2015). Exploring the Factors Affecting Consumer Purchase Intention Towards Children Multivitamin Products Based on Purchase Store.adv sci lett, 21(4), pp.622-625. Gul, M. (2013). Long-term Orientation, Perceived Consumer Effectiveness, and Environmentally Conscious Consumer Behavior: The Case of Turkey.IJMS, 5(5). Malik, S. (2012). Customer Satisfaction, Perceived Service Quality and Mediating Role of Perceived Value.IJMS, 4(1). Milanovic, V. and Bucalina, A. (2014). The development of the 'customer lifetime value' concept.Marketing, 45(2), pp.113-130. Mwencha, P., Muathe, S. and Thuo, J. (2014). Effect of Perceived Attributes, Perceived Risk and Perceived Value on Usage of Online Retailing Services.jmr, 6(2), p.140. Petkus, E. (2010). Incorporating Transformative Consumer Research Into the Consumer Behavior Course Experience.Journal of Marketing Education, 32(3), pp.292-299. Sanchez-Fernandez, R. and Iniesta-Bonillo, M. (2007). The concept of perceived value: a systematic review of the research.Marketing Theory, 7(4), pp.427-451. Swait, J. and Sweeney, J. (2000). Perceived value and its impact on choice behavior in a retail setting.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 7(2), pp.77-88. Williams, P. (2014). Emotions and Consumer Behavior.Journal of Consumer Research, 40(5), p.viii-xi. Yelkur, R. (2000). Customer Satisfaction and the Services Marketing Mix.Journal of Professional Services Marketing, 21(1), pp.105-115.

The Asphalt History

Introduction The composition of crude oil is infinitely varied and complex. This is because of the several components that can be derived from crude oil after the separation process of distillation. However, the components derived from crude oil vary with the original location of the crude oil (Barth, 1962, p. 56).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Asphalt History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, crude oil found in West Virginia and Pennsylvania has a lot of wax, which may not be found in crude oils found in other regions. On the other hand, crude oil found in California is known to exhibit a lot of asphalt. Among the various components that can be separated from crude oil include lubricating oil, wax, heavy fuel oil, naphtha, tar, and asphalt just to mention a few. In this section, the production, history, and uses of asphalt will be discussed. â€Å"Asphalt is a semi-solid or highly vi scous substance that could be found as natural deposits or could be manufactured from crude oil. Asphalt is black in colour and very sticky given its high viscosity† (Freemantle, 2013, p.1). It is important to note that asphalt is something that we see and step on almost every day. Indeed, asphalt is the core substance in the construction of roads and airplane runways. It is because of the presence of asphalt that roads and runways are black. With this in mind, it can be deduced that asphalt is heavily used globally. For instance, the United States of America alone uses about 70 billion lb of asphalt yearly. However, this usage is expected to increase in future given the high rate of development. A big percentage of the asphalt used today is derived from the distillation process of crude oil. In fact, asphalt happens to be the residual product of crude oil distillation. â€Å"As such, asphalt comprises of saturated and unsaturated compounds as well as aromatic compounds whose composition differs with the source of crude oil† (Barth, 1962, p.56). However, most aliphatic compounds contain sulphur, nitrogen, heteroatoms, and oxygen among other compounds. â€Å"Typical asphalt will be made up of 80% carbon, 10% hydrogen, 6% sulphur, and small quantities of nitrogen and oxygen† (Freemantle, 2013, p.1).Trace elements such as iron, vanadium, and nickel will also be found in asphalt. Most of the aliphatic components have a high polarity, thus easily dissolving in polar substances such as hexane and heptanes. Aliphatic compounds exhibit high polarity due to the presence of functional groups such as amine, alcohol, and carboxyl in their structure. Nevertheless, asphalt is said to be thermoplastic in nature given its polymer network. Above all, asphalt is hard and able to withstand harsh temperature changes and forces hence its use in road construction. Below is an image showing an asphalt particle.Advertising Looking for research paper on geolog y? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig. 1 (Barth, 1962, p.67) History of Asphalt Asphalt has been in existence for the longest time in history since 4000 B.C. Asphalt was first realized as deposits that occurred naturally on earth. It was thought that these deposits were as a result of ancient remains of living things such as microscopic algae and other diatoms. These remains were found at sea beds, lake bottoms, and mud, which were inhabitants of living things. Having been found in the ancient times, asphalt had several uses including being used in binding of bricks, cementing carvings, waterproofing, and ship caulking among other uses. â€Å"The bible indicates that the Tower of Babel was constructed using asphalt as a binding substance for the bricks† (McNichol, 2005, p.104). This therefore shows that asphalt is as old as the bible. The Dead Sea commonly known as the Palus Asphaltites (Asphalt Lake) by the Romans was the major source of asphalt for the Egyptians. Asphalt air blowing unit Upon distillation, crude oil is bound to recover various products including gases, heavy fuels, naphtha, wax, and asphalt. As mentioned earlier in the paper, asphalt is the residue of crude oil distillation thus being the lowest substance in the distillation unit as depicted in the figure below. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Asphalt History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fig. 2 (McNichol, 2005, p. 107) Crude oil distillation involves two stages of atmospheric and vacuum distillations. Atmospheric distillation entails heating the oil at temperatures above atmospheric pressure thus recovering gases and light density substances such as gasoline, jet fuel, and heating oil. Vacuum distillation is conducted at pressures that are absolute as well as under vacuum conditions of 10-40 mmHg. This stage is meant to recover heavy fuel oil as shown in the diagram below. Fig. 3 (Volodin et al., 2003, p. 213) As depicted in the above diagram, once the distillation process is over, oil with asphalt is extracted and de-asphalted before it goes through the air blowing process. The air blowing process of asphalt entails the use of an air compressor that is sued to blow air through the liquid asphalt that remains after distillation. This process takes place at temperature ranges of 235 to 290 0C (Volodin et al., 2003, p. 213). Asphalt is heated until it attains this temperature range and then held in the blowing tower. Hot air is injected in the blowing tower for a predestined period. The high heated air is introduced into the blowing column through the bottom part of the column. This air is normally meant to agitate mixing of the heated asphalt in a bid to increase the surface area for intended reaction. The air blowing process is carefully conducted to avoid any instances of asphalt combustion. As such, the temperatures a re normally below the asphalt flash point just to avoid the possibility of combustion.Advertising Looking for research paper on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The air blowing process involves exothermic reactions since heat is produced. It is important to note that oxygen in the air used in the process causes the asphalt to oxidize. On the other hand, the asphalt is dehydrogenized thus making it increase in molecular size. Several factors affect the reaction rate in the blowing column. These include the temperature used, residence time, the air-to feed ratio, as well as the viscosity and origin of the asphalt fed. Asphalt emulsifying process After the air blowing process, the extracted asphalt undergoes an emulsification process to come up with an asphalt emulsion. The emulsifying process essentially entails mixing of the asphalt with water at reduced melting point temperatures. An emulsion can be simply defined as the dispersion of one liquid’s droplets in another liquid of different densities. Most often than not, emulsions are either oil in water or water in oil mixtures. Common examples of emulsions include butter, creams, and mayonnaise among others. â€Å"An emulsion of asphalt ideally contains 70% asphalt with the rest being water and chemical additives† (Freemantle, 2013, p.1). This is because the emulsion is prepared by mixing asphalt with water in addition to emulsifying agents. The emulsifying agent function is to disperse the asphalt globules thus making them far from each other. This helps in space creation in between the globules for water globules to bind hence forming an emulsion. Through the application of mechanical energy adequate to break down the asphalt into small particles, the emulsion process sets on. The aim of the mechanical energy is to lower the viscosity of asphalt and make it miscible with water and other substances. The reason behind the emulsification of asphalt is to make it workable at different temperatures given the fact that asphalt is normally very hard at low temperatures. Before emulsification, asphalt is of brown colour, which significantly changes to black upo n emulsification. This turning of colour is an indication that the emulsion is broken after the evaporation of the water. It should be noted that the time taken for the water used in emulsification to evaporate and set is dependent on the emulsion type. Below is a typical diagram showing the emulsification process of asphalt. Fig. 4 (Volodin et al., 2003, p. 213) The blending process â€Å"Upon emulsification, asphalt becomes miscible with each other as well as with other liquids in different proportions† (Freemantle, 2013, p.1). This then makes it possible to produce different blends of asphalt that are of different characteristics. The blending process of asphalt is determined by the softening and penetration points of the asphalt hence the need for blending charts. The charts show the softening and penetration points of the asphalts intended to be blended. The meeting point of the two line graphs on the chart is then used during blending. The softening points are determin ed by measuring the viscosity of asphalt using a viscoliner and a graph similar to the one below derived. Fig. 5 Use of asphalt viscosity blending chart (Volodin et al., 2003, p. 215) Examples of asphalt blends Asphalt/wax blends In this type of blend, paraffin wax is blended with asphalt. The fact that paraffin wax has a low melting point of about 600C when blended with asphalt, the outcome product has a lower viscosity than the original asphalt. This blend also has a reduced tackiness especially during low temperatures. Asphalt/ Petroleum oil blends These are commonly referred to as cutbacks. These blends are made from petroleum oil products such as gas oil, kerosene, and naphtha among others. When blended, the product is normally softer than the original asphalt. Types and grades of asphalt produced There are different types and grades of asphalt produced during processing. These types differ in terms of composition, physical characteristics, and appearance. Some of the common t ypes and grades of asphalt include the following: Mastic asphalt: This is commonly known as sheet asphalt. It has a low percentage of asphalt. â€Å"It is mostly used in road construction as well as footpath construction. Some of it is used in flooring and roofing† (Freemantle, 2013, p.1). This is mainly because of its slippery characteristic, which makes it hard to absorb water. Cut-back asphalt: This type is made by blending asphalt with kerosene and then mixing it with aggregate. This makes it environmental unfriendly since it causes pollution. As such, it has been rendered illegal in most parts of the world. As time goes by, the asphalt becomes hard due to the loss of kerosene through evaporation. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMAC): As the name suggest, this type of asphalt is produced at high temperatures of about 1600C. This means that this asphalt is of low viscosity and with less moisture thus very durable. As such, this type of asphalt is preferred for use in highways, airport runways and other areas of high traffic (Volodin et al., 2003, p.214). Warm mix asphalt: The temperatures in this type of asphalt are relatively low, thus allowing the addition of wax and other substances to form emulsions. The process of making this asphalt is deemed environmental friendly because of reduced emission and low consumption of fuel. The only problem is that the warm mix asphalt is not as durable as hot mix asphalt. As such, it is used in areas of low traffic or used to patch damaged hot mix asphalt concrete. Specification and properties of each type of asphalt produced (high penetration, low penetration, etc) Grading of asphalt according to its penetration abilities is a system that began as early as in the 1900s. Penetration of asphalt is determined using a needle of 100 grams, which is inserted in the asphalt at a temperature of 250C. Using this test, the standard needle will penetrate deeper in less viscous asphalt, which is then graded as high penetration asphalt. In low penetration asphalt, the needle will not penetrate or have a shallow penetration. Penetration grading is important in determining the type of asphalt to be used in different climatic regions. In that case, the low penetration asphalt is used in regions of high temperature while the high penetration asphalt used in cold climatic regions. Nevertheless, this method has attracted much controversy with the critics arguing that the method is not ideal, as it does not test fundamental parameters such as viscosity. Uses and application of different types of asphalt Asphalt is mostly used in making asphaltic concrete that is a material for road construction. â€Å"The consumption of petroleum asphalt on asphaltic concrete is approximated at 80% of all petroleum asphalt used in the U.S. It is normally used as glue holding together crushed stones, sand, slag, gravel, and other materials† (McNichol, 2005, p. 67). For instance, rolled asphaltic concrete has the asphaltic binder an d aggregate, cutback asphalt has petroleum solvents, asphalt emulsions contain chemical additives and asphalt, and mastic has less aggregate than rolled asphaltic concrete. Secondly, asphalt is used in roofing shingles, which account for about a fifth of all asphalt used in the U.S. Roofing materials made of asphalt are actually the dominant roofing material in the U.S (McNichol, 2005, p. 34). In China and Japan, asphalt is incorporated in ceramics thus making them waterproof. In France, asphalt is embedded in photography and art where it used to make photographic films that are fitted in cameras. Asphalt is also used in paving of parking lots for vehicles and runways in airports. In addition to this, it is also used in making dam facings, canals, and reservoir linings. Asphalt has also been used in making battery casings and floor tiles. Due to its waterproofing property, asphalt is used to waterproof materials like fabrics. It can also be used in making cattle sprays and treating wooden objects and materials like wooden fence posts. Overall, the usefulness of asphalt comes as a result of its binding property and its waterproofing property. These properties work together to ensure that materials with asphalt are tough, hard, and durable. Conclusion From the above discussion on asphalt, it can be deduced that asphalt is indeed an important component despite being the residue product in crude oil distillation. Asphalt is the product that remains after distillation of crude oil although it could also be found as natural deposits in sea and lakebeds. In order to be rendered appropriate for use, asphalt undergoes various processes such as air blowing, emulsification and blending among others (Barth, 1962, p. 68). Additionally, asphalts are of different types with the main differences being physical properties and applications. Common types include mastic, hot mix, warm mix, and cut back asphalts. Asphalt is the core product in the construction of roads and airport runways (Volodin et al., 2003, p. 214). Other uses of asphalt mentioned in the paper include roofing, flooring, waterproofing and binding just to mention a few. Despite having several uses, asphalt has proven to have significant health impacts especially after prolonged contact with the substance. Asphalt fumes whose common way of exposure is through inhalation, pose health dangers to the respiratory system of a human being. Some of the immediate respiratory problems felt after exposure include cough and through irritation. If not immediately treated, lung cancer could arise. Asphalt fumes have also been depicted to bring about skin rashes, irritation of eye, headache, and fatigue among other minor ailments. Being carcinogenic, asphalt fumes could lead to different types of cancers such as stomach and throat cancer in cases of prolonged exposure. Reference List Barth, E. (1962). Asphalt: Science and Technology. New York: Gordon and Breach. Freemantle, M. (2013). Asphalt. Retrieved from http://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/7747scit6.html? McNichol, D. (2005). Paving the Way: Asphalt in America. Lanham, MD: National Asphalt Pavement Association. Volodin, Yu, et al. (2003). Production of Asphalt from Activated Crude Oil Residues.  Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, 39(4), 213-215. This research paper on The Asphalt History was written and submitted by user Annabella K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.